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Linux commands: Difference between revisions
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(1) | (1) Different Linux commands that achieve the same outcome, | ||
(2) | (2) Commands that are either equivalent or alike across Windows and Linux systems. | ||
== Help for command == | == Help for command == | ||
{{Tips}} Help for command: | |||
* {{Gd}} [https://explainshell.com/ explainshell.com - match command-line arguments to their help text] | * {{Gd}} [https://explainshell.com/ explainshell.com - match command-line arguments to their help text] | ||
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=== {{OS}} version === | === {{OS}} version === | ||
* {{kbd | key=lsb_release -a}} | * {{kbd | key=lsb_release -a}} on {{Linux}}<ref>[http://blog.miniasp.com/post/2009/02/25/How-to-query-Linux-distribution-and-version-information.aspx The Will Will Web | 如何查詢 Linux 的種類與版本 ( Linux Standard Base )]</ref> | ||
* {{kbd | key=ver}} | * {{kbd | key=cat /etc/redhat-release}} on {{Linux}} CentOS<ref>[https://www.cnblogs.com/technology178/p/16709400.html 查看操作系统版本的 N 种方式（Windows、CentOS、Ubuntu、Debian） - Rainbowhhy - 博客园]</ref> | ||
* {{kbd | key=ver}} on {{Win}}<ref>[http://www.windows-commandline.com/2009/01/find-windows-os-version-from-command.html Find windows OS version from command line]</ref> | |||
=== Show the process list === | === Show the process list === | ||
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* {{kbd | key=kill -9 <PID>}}. Force to kill the process with PID number: 101, enter {{kbd | key=kill -9 101}}. <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0440processcontrol.php#killjobs 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 第十六章、程序管理與 SELinux 初探]</ref> | * {{kbd | key=kill -9 <PID>}}. Force to kill the process with PID number: 101, enter {{kbd | key=kill -9 101}}. <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0440processcontrol.php#killjobs 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 第十六章、程序管理與 SELinux 初探]</ref> | ||
Kill the process by process name<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3510673/find-and-kill-a-process-in-one-line-using-bash-and-regex Find and kill a process in one line using bash and regex - Stack Overflow]</ref> | '''Kill the process by process name'''<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3510673/find-and-kill-a-process-in-one-line-using-bash-and-regex Find and kill a process in one line using bash and regex - Stack Overflow]</ref> | ||
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>sudo kill $(ps aux | grep '<NAME>' | awk '{print $2}')</nowiki>}} | * {{kbd | key=<nowiki>sudo kill $(ps aux | grep '<NAME>' | awk '{print $2}')</nowiki>}} | ||
'''Kill the process by port number'''<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11583562/how-to-kill-a-process-running-on-particular-port-in-linux How to kill a process running on particular port in Linux? - Stack Overflow], [https://linux.die.net/man/8/lsof lsof(8) - Linux man page]</ref> | |||
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>kill -9 $(lsof -ti:3000) 2>/dev/null</nowiki>}}: Force kill the process using port 3000. The {{kbd | key=2>/dev/null}} suppresses error messages if no process is found. Replace 3000 with your target port number. | |||
* Alternative (shorter command): {{kbd | key=fuser -k 3000/tcp}}: Kill the process using TCP port 3000 (if {{kbd | key=fuser}} is available on your system) | |||
Explanation: | |||
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>lsof -ti:3000</nowiki>}}: Find the process ID (PID) using port 3000 | |||
** {{kbd | key=-t}}: Output only the PID | |||
** {{kbd | key=-i:3000}}: Filter by port 3000 | |||
* {{kbd | key=2>/dev/null}}: Redirects error messages (stderr) to {{kbd | key=/dev/null}} (discards them) Useful when no process is found on the port to avoid error output | |||
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>$(lsof -ti:3000)</nowiki>}}: Command substitution<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Command-Substitution.html Command Substitution (Bash Reference Manual)]</ref>: executes the command inside {{kbd | key=$()}} and replaces it with the output | |||
** First runs {{kbd | key=lsof -ti:3000}} to get the PID(s) | |||
** Then substitutes the PID(s) into the {{kbd | key=kill -9}} command | |||
** Example: if port 3000 is used by PID 12345, {{kbd | key=<nowiki>kill -9 $(lsof -ti:3000)</nowiki>}} becomes {{kbd | key=kill -9 12345}} | |||
=== Find process running on port === | === Find process running on port === | ||
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* {{kbd | key=''Windows command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> find ''"string"''}} ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -a | find "3306"</nowiki>}} (note: enclose string in double quotation marks)<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/find.mspx?mfr=true Microsoft Windows XP - Find]</ref> | * {{kbd | key=''Windows command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> find ''"string"''}} ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -a | find "3306"</nowiki>}} (note: enclose string in double quotation marks)<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/find.mspx?mfr=true Microsoft Windows XP - Find]</ref> | ||
=== System | === System load average === | ||
==== Using WQL query ==== | ==== Using WQL query to obtain Load capacity of each processor ==== | ||
on {{Win}}: | on {{Win}}: | ||
* namespace: ROOT\CIMV2 | * namespace: ROOT\CIMV2 | ||
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* CPU usage = LoadPercentage; unit: % | * CPU usage = LoadPercentage; unit: % | ||
==== Using PHP function ==== | ==== Using PHP function to obtain system load average ==== | ||
on freebsd, {{Linux}} & {{Mac}}: | on freebsd, {{Linux}} & {{Mac}}: | ||
* PHP function [http://php.net/manual/en/function.sys-getloadavg.php sys_getloadavg()] unit: %; '''Need''' to divide by CPU cores number | * PHP function [http://php.net/manual/en/function.sys-getloadavg.php sys_getloadavg()] unit: %; '''Need''' to divide by CPU cores number | ||
==== Using mpstat command ==== | === System CPU usage === | ||
==== Using mpstat command to obtain CPU usage ==== | |||
Example result of {{kbd | key=<nowiki>mpstat 2 2 | grep -E '^Average'</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} | Example result of {{kbd | key=<nowiki>mpstat 2 2 | grep -E '^Average'</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
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* There is no CPU steal time in a virtualized environment. | * There is no CPU steal time in a virtualized environment. | ||
==== Using top command ==== | ==== Using top command to obtain CPU usage ==== | ||
# Command: Using top command e.g. {{kbd | key=<nowiki>top</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} or {{Mac}} | # Command: Using top command e.g. {{kbd | key=<nowiki>top</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} or {{Mac}} | ||
# Command: Using top command e.g. {{kbd | key=<nowiki>top -l 2 | grep -E '^CPU'</nowiki>}} on {{Mac}} | # Command: Using top command e.g. {{kbd | key=<nowiki>top -l 2 | grep -E '^CPU'</nowiki>}} on {{Mac}} | ||
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* output example: PhysMem: 8017M used (1486M wired), 172M unused. | * output example: PhysMem: 8017M used (1486M wired), 172M unused. | ||
* memory usage: 172 / (8017+172); unit: % | * memory usage: 172 / (8017+172); unit: % | ||
{{Linux}} or {{Mac}} | |||
* command: {{kbd | key = top}} (and press q key to quit the top window) | |||
* output example: The Python process with the Process ID (PID) 13086 is utilizing 22.19 GB of memory, as indicated by the value in the RES (Resident Set Size) field. | |||
<pre> | |||
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND | |||
13086 account 20 0 132.1g 22.19g 13.0g S 42.9 17.6 30:33.61 python | |||
</pre> | |||
* PID: Process ID, 13086 in this case, which is the unique identifier for the process. | |||
* USER: The user that started the process, account here. | |||
* PR: Priority of the process in the kernel's scheduler. The value 20 indicates a regular priority. | |||
* NI: Nice value, which influences the priority (0 by default, meaning no adjustment to the scheduling). | |||
* VIRT: Virtual memory size, 132.1g for this process, which is the total amount of virtual memory used by the process. | |||
* RES: Resident memory size, 22.19g here, showing how much physical memory the process is currently using. | |||
* SHR: Shared memory size, 13.0g in this case, which is the memory this process is sharing with others. | |||
* S: Process status, S here which usually means 'sleeping'. | |||
* %CPU: CPU usage, 42.9 indicating the percentage of the CPU time the process is currently using. | |||
* %MEM: Memory usage, 17.6 showing the percentage of total physical memory used by the process. | |||
* TIME+: Total CPU time the process has been running, 30:33.61 indicates 30 minutes and 33.61 seconds. | |||
* COMMAND: The command that initiated the process, python here. | |||
=== System disk space usage === | === System disk space usage === | ||
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=== Clean the screen/console === | === Clean the screen/console === | ||
* {{Win}}: {{kbd | key= cls}} <ref>[https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490879.aspx Cls]</ref> | * {{Win}}: {{kbd | key= cls}} <ref>[https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490879.aspx Cls]</ref> | ||
* {{Linux | * {{Linux}}: {{kbd | key= clear}} <ref>[https://www.linux.org/threads/clear-clear-your-terminal-screen.78/ Clear! (clear your terminal screen) | Linux.org]</ref> | ||
* {{Mac}} | |||
** {{kbd | key= clear}} | |||
** {{kbd | key=⌘ command}} +{{kbd | key=K}} <ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2198377/how-can-i-clear-previous-output-in-terminal-in-mac-os-x macos - How can I clear previous output in Terminal in Mac OS X? - Stack Overflow]</ref> | |||
== help for command == | == help for command == | ||
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* [[Open command window here]] | * [[Open command window here]] | ||
[[Category:Linux]] | [[Category: Linux]] | ||
[[Category:Windows]] | [[Category: Windows]] | ||
[[Category:Database]] | [[Category: Database]] | ||
[[Category:MySQL]] | [[Category: MySQL]] | ||
[[Category: Revised with LLMs]] | |||