Linux commands: Difference between revisions

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* cat & grep: {{kbd | key= cat /path/to/file <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''keyword''}}  ({{Linux}}) keyword is case sensitive
* cat & grep: {{kbd | key= cat /path/to/file <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''keyword''}}  ({{Linux}}) keyword is case sensitive
[[Desktop_search#Search_text_in_files| Search text in files]]<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0320bash.php#col 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 學習 bash shell] </ref>
[[Desktop_search#Search_text_in_files| Search text in files]]<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0320bash.php#col 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 學習 bash shell] </ref>
Merger multiple plain text files
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>copy *.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key=<nowiki>copy file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} for  {{Win}}
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat *.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} for {{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_join_multiple_files_together_cat Terminal 101: Join Multiple Files Together with Cat]</ref>


== file operation ==
== file operation ==

Revision as of 11:45, 17 November 2014

(1) alternative Linux commands to complete the same task, (2) The equivalent or similar commands between Windows and Linux system.

Owl icon.jpg Help for command:
(Linux Os linux.png ) Type command --help or man command  ;
(Win Os windows.png ) Type command /? "Open Source tools which provide functionality similar to a Linux distribution on Windows" -- Cygwin

text file manipulation

display the first lines of text file

  • head [options] filename (OS: Linux Os linux.png )
  • vi [options] filename (and press gg) (Linux Os linux.png )
  • vim [options] filename (and press gg) (Linux Os linux.png ); Open file and press gg for gVim (Win Os windows.png )

display the last few lines of text file

  • tail [options] filename (Linux Os linux.png )
  • vi [options] filename (and press G) (Linux Os linux.png )
  • vim [options] filename (and press G) (Linux Os linux.png ); Open file and press G for gVim (Win Os windows.png )
  • Tail for Win32 GUI interface (Win Os windows.png ) Icon_exclaim.gif not support Unicode file for v.4.2.6

Display the full text file

  • vi [options] filename (Linux Os linux.png )
  • cat filename (Linux Os linux.png )

Save a Unix manpage as plain text

Search text in a file

  • grep command for multiple files: grep -ir "string to search" /path/to/directory or grep keyword /path/to/file (Linux Os linux.png )
  • (1)vim [options] filename (2)press /keyword (Linux Os linux.png )
  • cat & grep: cat /path/to/file | grep keyword (Linux Os linux.png ) keyword is case sensitive

Search text in files[1]

Merger multiple plain text files

  • copy *.txt > bundle.txt or copy file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt for Win Os windows.png
  • cat *.txt > bundle.txt or cat file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt for Linux Os linux.png [2]

file operation

find a file

  • find (Linux Os linux.png ) ex: find / -iname filename Find the case-insensitive file name Under the path / (root folder) [3]
  • dir (Win Os windows.png ) ex: dir /s filename [4][5] Icon_exclaim.gif I have no idea to specify the file path to find the file.

copy old directory to new directory

  • cp -a old_dir new_dir/ (Linux Os linux.png )[6]
  • copy /Y old_dir new_dir/ (Win Os windows.png )[7]
  • make new directory & copy all old files to new directory
    • mkdir new_dir
    • cp old_dir/* new_dir

delete files or directory

delete all files or directory

  • rm -rf /Name_of_directory to delete all files under the 'Name_of_directory (Linux Os linux.png )[8]
  • del Name_of_directory (Win Os windows.png )
    • After executed del Name_of_directory but the empty directory directory_name will be left.
    • Command delete is not available in Win XP
  • rsync
    • rsync -avP --delete /path/to/source/ /path/to/target/ (Linux Os linux.png ) Good.gif quick
    • rsync --delete-before -a -H -v --progress --stats /path/to/empty/folder/ /path/to/target_folder_will_be_deleted/ (Linux Os linux.png )[9] un-verified
  • S/FTP to the server and delete selected files

delete the files with the naming rule

  • find . -name 'naming_rule' -type f -delete [10]

download file from remote server

  • FTP
  • wget (with progress bar): wget http://path.to/file
  • SVN update: svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account and key in your SVN password [11]
  • more on File transfer methods


file compression and decompression

compress

  • pv big.file | gzip > big.file.gz(Linux Os linux.png )[12] keep the original file
  • gzip -v big.file(Linux Os linux.png ) NOT keep the original file

decompress

  • gunzip -c big.file.gz > big.file(Linux Os linux.png ) keep the gz file[13]
  • gzip -d big.file.gz(Linux Os linux.png ) NOT keep the gz file

ref

list directory or files / list directory contents

  • ls (Linux Os linux.png ) ex: ls -lh List detailed information of files [14] [15]
  • ll (Linux Os linux.png ) ll = ls -l
  • dir (Win Os windows.png ) ex: dir/s/b is equal to Linux Os linux.png find /path/to/files/ -print [16]
  • Good.gif create ls in Win Os windows.png command prompt: echo dir %1 > %systemroot%\system32\ls.bat Thanks, hmjd![17]


rename (move) files or directory

  • mv old_folder_name new_folder_name (Linux Os linux.png )[18]
  • mv /path/to/file /path/to/new_folder_name (Linux Os linux.png )
  • rename old_folder_name new_folder_name (Win Os windows.png )[19]


print the current directory / where am i

  • Linux Os linux.png : pwd (print working directory)
  • Win Os windows.png : echo %cd% (current directory) [20]

change directory to my home directory

  • cd ~/ or cd $HOME (Linux Os linux.png ) will switch to my home directory ex: /Users/ACCOUNT[21]
  • cd %UserProfile% (Win Os windows.png ) will switch to my home directory ex: C:\Users\ACCOUNT more on MS_Windows_Explorer[22]

network

show ip

  • ifconfig (Linux Os linux.png )[23][24]
  • ipconfig/all (Win Os windows.png )

ping Icon_exclaim.gif You may got no response if the server was disabled the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) response.

  • ping domain_or_ip (Linux Os linux.png )
  • ping domain_or_ip -t (Win Os windows.png )

whois: search the information of domain (related: Domain Name Register)

apache operation

check apache servie is running or not

  • service --status-all | grep -i httpd (Linux Os linux.png [25][26])
  • netstat -npl | grep httpd for Linux Os linux.png [27]
  • netstat -an | find /i "listening" (Win Os windows.png ) find the local open ports & find local address TCP 0.0.0.0:80 is listening[28]
  • more on connection test...

Where is apache installed?[29]

  • cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local if the apache service is already launched

check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running

  • httpd -l (Linux Os linux.png & Win Os windows.png ) ex: Linux Os linux.png /usr/local/httpd/bin/httpd -l or Win Os windows.png x:\apache\bin>httpd -l where x:\apache is the installation folder of apache [30]

mysql operation

Exporting data into MySql sql file

  • Good.gif export the compressed *.sql file (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysqldump[31][32]:
    1. (optional if the pv was not installed)
      • yum install pv for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux[33];
      • apt-get install pv for Debian / Ubuntu[34];
      • Install (1) Cygwin, (2) pv package and (3) MySQL database clients apps package for Win Os windows.png
      • Install (1) brew install pv to get the latest version of pv package[35] and (2) MySQL database clients from XAMPP for macOS icon_os_mac.png . Path of mysql is: /Applications/xampp/xamppfiles/bin/mysql
    2. (for InnoDB tables)mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --force --single-transaction DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz [36][37] and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter


  • Bulk export multiple tables into the compressed *.sql files
mysqldump -h localhost -u username -pPASSWORD --force --single-transaction DB_NAME TABLE_1 | pv | gzip -c > table_1.sql.gz
mysqldump -h localhost -u username -pPASSWORD --force --single-transaction DB_NAME TABLE_2 | pv | gzip -c > table_2.sql.gz

note: the last line of above part is return symbol. The last command will not executed automatically without the return symbol.

  • export the *.sql file. It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysqldump [38]:
    1. (optional if the pv was not installed) yum install pv for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
    2. (for InnoDB tables)mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --force --single-transaction DATA_BASE_NAME | pv > database.sql and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter
  • export the *.sql file
    1. mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p DATA-BASE-NAME > /path/to/database.sql

Importing data from MySql sql file

Icon_exclaim.gif Notice: existing database will be overwritten

  • Good.gif Import the compressed *.sql file with gzip (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysql command:
    1. (optional if the pv was not installed) yum install pv for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
    2. pv database.sql.gz | gunzip | mysql -u username -p -h localhost --default_character_set utf8 --force DATA_BASE_NAME [39] and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter
  • Import *.sql file:
    1. (optional if the .sql file was compressed) unzip data.zip or gzip -d data.gz if the file was compressed by gzip
    2. mysql -u username -p -h localhost --default_character_set utf8 --force DATA_BASE_NAME < data.sql [40] and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter
  • Import the *.sql file (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysql command[41]:
    1. (optional if the pv was not installed) yum install pv for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
    2. pv data.sql | mysql -u username -p -h localhost --default_character_set utf8 --force DATA_BASE_NAME [42] and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter
  • Import ZIP file to MySql directly:
    1. (optional if the 7Zip was not installed) yum install p7zip
    2. 7za x -so data.zip | mysql -u username -p -h localhost --default_character_set utf8 --force DATA_BASE_NAME [43][44] and press Enter
    3. enter password and press Enter

Show the MySQL process list & kill the process

Show the MySQL process list & kill the process (especial for SLOW query command)[45]

  1. mysql -h HOST -u ACCOUNT -p And keyin the PASSWORD for your MySQL ACCOUNT to connect the MySQL server. The first character will be changed to mysql> from $ or #
  2. mysql> SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST\G to show the process list
  3. mysql> kill 101; to kill the process with Id number: 101
  4. mysql> exit; to leave the MySQL command.

system operation

show current time

  • date (Linux Os linux.png ) output: Thu Oct 25 15:05:10 CST 2012 [46][47]
  • TZ=Asia/Taipei date (Linux Os linux.png ) output the time from the Taipei/CST timezone [48]
  • date/t (Win Os windows.png ) (parameter: /t will not ask you to change the current date)
output:
OS in English: Thu 05/03/2012
OS in Chinese (XP): 2012/05/03 星期四
OS in Chinese (Windows 8): 2014/07/01 週二

specify the location where Linux or MS-DOS looks when using a command

reboot the system/server

  • reboot (Linux Os linux.png )[50]
  • shutdown -r (Win Os windows.png )[51]

OS version

  • lsb_release -a (Linux Os linux.png )[52]
  • ver (Win Os windows.png )[53]


Show the process list & kill the process

Show the process list & kill the high-resource-consumption process[54][55]

  1. top "display Linux tasks" for Linux Os linux.png or top -a "Sort by memory usage" for Linux Os linux.png
  2. keyin q to leave the process list
  3. find which process to be killed. Keyin: kill -101 PID to kill the process with PID number: 101[56]

Search matched text of command output

  • linux command | awk '/string/' (Linux Os linux.png ) ex:
    • keyin dpkg --get-selections | awk '/tar/' to search the installed package naming tar for Ubuntu.[57]
    • keyin dpkg --get-selections | awk '/zip|unzip/' to search the installed package naming zip or unzip for Ubuntu.
  • linux command | grep string (Linux Os linux.png ) ex: keyin yum list installed | grep tar to search the installed package naming tar for CentOS.[58]
  • Windows command | find "string" (Win Os windows.png ) ex: netstat -a | find "3306" (note: enclose string in double quotation marks)[59]


Scan the disk

help for command

view the documentation for this command

  • command --help or man command (Linux Os linux.png )
  • command /? (Win Os windows.png )

emergency exit

  • ctrl+c or ctrl+break (Linux Os linux.png & Win Os windows.png )
  • Pause/Break (Linux Os linux.png ) ex: I pressed the key to leave from the warning message "Vim: Warning: Output is not to a terminal".

references

  1. ↑ 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 學習 bash shell
  2. ↑ Terminal 101: Join Multiple Files Together with Cat
  3. ↑ Find command: how to ignore case? - Unix and Linux; Find the case-sensitive file name Under the path / (root folder) ex: find / -name filename ref:Tips For Linux - How to find files in Linux using 'find'
  4. ↑ How to find a file in MS-DOS.
  5. ↑ /S 顯示指定目錄及所有子目錄中的檔案。 (引用自 dir /? 命令說明)
  6. ↑ 
    from manual:
-a, --archive
              same as -dR --preserve=all
-d     same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST]
              preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if  possible  addi-
              tional attributes: context, links, xattr, all
-R, -r, --recursive
              copy directories recursively
  7. ↑ /Y 不顯示覆寫現存目的檔案的確認提示。 (引用自 copy /? 命令說明)
  8. ↑ [OPTION]
    • -r remove directories and their contents recursively;
    • -f ignore nonexistent files, never prompt
    (above content cited from linux documentation: rm --help)
  9. ↑ Linux下使用rsync最快速删除海量文件的方法_果冻的剥壳_新浪博客
  10. ↑ How to recursively remove .DS_Store files on Mac OS X | Tangential Musings
  11. ↑ using the www account su - www -c "svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account --password=xxx"
  12. ↑ A Unix Utility You Should Know About: Pipe Viewer - good coders code, great reuse
  13. ↑ linux - How do you gunzip a file and keep the .gz file? - Super User
  14. ↑ 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 的檔案權限與目錄配置
  15. ↑ [OPTION]
    • -l use a long listing format
    • -h, --human-readable; with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) Quoted from linux man ls
  16. ↑ linux - Making ls output like dir /b /s - Super User
  17. ↑ How to create ls in windows command prompt? - Stack Overflow
  18. ↑ Linux Rename Files, Folders or Directories
  19. ↑ MS-DOS ren and rename command help
  20. ↑ Windows equivilent to UNIX pwd - Stack Overflow
  21. ↑ linux - Where is the $HOME environment variable set? - Super User
  22. ↑ weka - Where is my home directory located?
  23. ↑ 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 常用網路指令介紹
  24. ↑ bash: ifconfig: command not found 無法使用ifconfig指令？ 先加上 su -l指令
  25. ↑ Red Hat / CentOS: Check / List Running Services
  26. ↑ -i means ignore caseHow to use the grep command, by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
  27. ↑ Linux / UNIX Find Out What Program / Service is Listening on a Specific TCP Port
  28. ↑ Netstat
  29. ↑ Enabling and disabling services during start up in GNU/Linux | All about Linux
  30. ↑ Check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running | Binary Tides
  31. ↑ mysql - How can I monitor the progress of an import of a large .sql file? - Database Administrators Stack Exchange
  32. ↑ MySQL :: MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual :: 4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
  33. ↑ Linux / Unix pv Command: Monitor Progress of Data Sent Via a Pipe
  34. ↑ ivarch.com: Pipe Viewer
  35. ↑ Pipe Viewer (pv) in Mac OSX
  36. ↑ pv + gzip + mysql — W. Andrew Loe III: Journal
  37. ↑ (if have permission to LOCK TABLES)mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz (if have no permission to LOCK TABLES)mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --lock-tables=false DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz via mysql - Run MySQLDump without Locking Tables - Stack Overflow
  38. ↑ MySQL Import/Export Progress Bar - Kevin Warrington
  39. ↑ pv + gzip + mysql — W. Andrew Loe III: Journal
  40. ↑ Import MySQL Dumpfile, SQL Datafile Into My Database
  41. ↑ mysql - How can I monitor the progress of an import of a large .sql file? - Database Administrators Stack Exchange
  42. ↑ Import MySQL Dumpfile, SQL Datafile Into My Database
  43. ↑ database - Importing zipped files in Mysql using command line - Stack Overflow
  44. ↑ Install 7Zip on CentOS 5.5
  45. ↑ MySQL :: MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual :: 13.7.5.31 SHOW PROCESSLIST Syntax
  46. ↑ 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- NTP 時間伺服器
  47. ↑ DATE (command) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  48. ↑ How can I have `date` output the time from a different timezone? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
  49. ↑ 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 檔案與目錄管理 -- 關於執行檔路徑的變數： $PATH
  50. ↑ reboot - Linux Command - Unix Command
  51. ↑ Windows原來也有內建好用的關機軟體(Shutdown.exe) | ㊣軟體玩家
  52. ↑ The Will Will Web | 如何查詢 Linux 的種類與版本 ( Linux Standard Base )
  53. ↑ Find windows OS version from command line
  54. ↑ How do I Find Out Linux CPU Utilization? - nixCraft
  55. ↑ Show All Running Processes in Linux
  56. ↑ Kill Process in Linux or Terminate a Process in UNIX / Linux Systems
  57. ↑ logical operators in grep
  58. ↑ Unix/Linux grep command examples | grep command in Unix and Linux | grep examples | alvinalexander.com
  59. ↑ Microsoft Windows XP - Find
  60. ↑ Cloud Provider and Dedicated Server Hosting in Dallas, TX

further reading

related pages:

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