Editing Linux commands

(1) alternative Linux commands to complete the same task, 
(2) The equivalent or similar commands between Windows and Linux system.

: [[Image:Owl icon.jpg]] Help for command: 
: ({{Linux}}) Type {{kbd | key= ''command'' --help}} or {{kbd | key= man ''command''}}  ; 
: ({{Win}}) Type {{kbd | key= ''command'' <nowiki>/?</nowiki>}} "Open Source tools which provide functionality similar to a Linux distribution on Windows" -- [http://www.cygwin.com/ Cygwin]

== text file manipulation ==
display the first lines of text file
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(Unix) head] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' ({{OS}}: {{Linux}})
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press gg) ({{Linux}})
* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press gg) ({{Linux}}); Open file and press gg for [http://www.vim.org/ gVim] ({{Win}})

display the last few lines of text file
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(Unix) tail] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' ({{Linux}})
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press G) ({{Linux}})
* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press G) ({{Linux}}); Open file and press G for [http://www.vim.org/ gVim] ({{Win}})
* [http://tailforwin32.sourceforge.net/ Tail for Win32] GUI interface ({{Win}}) {{exclaim}} not support Unicode file for v.4.2.6

Display the full text file
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename''  ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=cat ''filename''}}  ({{Linux}})

Save a Unix manpage as plain text
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>man man | col -b > man.txt</nowiki>}} Thanks! [http://www.electrictoolbox.com/article/linux-unix-bsd/save-manpage-plain-text/ Save a Unix manpage as plain text]

Search text in a file
* grep command for multiple files: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>grep -ir "string to search" /path/to/directory</nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key= grep ''keyword'' /path/to/file}}  ({{Linux}})
* (1)[http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (2)press {{kbd | key= /keyword}}  ({{Linux}})
* cat & grep: {{kbd | key= cat /path/to/file <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''keyword''}}  ({{Linux}}) keyword is case sensitive
[[Desktop_search#Search_text_in_files| Search text in files]]<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0320bash.php#col 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 學習 bash shell] </ref>

== file operation ==
=== find a file ===
* find ({{Linux}}) ex: {{kbd | key= find / -iname ''filename''}} Find the '''case-insensitive''' file name Under the path / (root folder) <ref> [http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/32155/find-command-how-to-ignore-case Find command: how to ignore case? - Unix and Linux]; Find the '''case-sensitive''' file name Under the path / (root folder) ex: {{kbd | key= find / -name ''filename''}}  ref:[http://www.codecoffee.com/tipsforlinux/articles/21.html Tips For Linux - How to find files in Linux using 'find']</ref>

* dir ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key= dir /s ''filename''}} <ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000309.htm How to find a file in MS-DOS.]</ref><ref>/S          顯示指定目錄及所有子目錄中的檔案。  (引用自 dir /? 命令說明)</ref> {{exclaim}} I have no idea to specify the file path to find the file.

=== copy old directory to new directory ===
* {{kbd | key=cp -a ''old_dir new_dir/''}} ({{Linux}})
*  {{kbd | key=copy /Y ''old_dir new_dir/''}} ({{Win}})<ref> /Y 不顯示覆寫現存目的檔案的確認提示。 (引用自 copy /? 命令說明)</ref>
* make new directory & copy all old files to new directory
** mkdir ''new_dir''
** cp ''old_dir/* new_dir''

=== download file from remote server ===
* FTP
* wget (with progress bar): {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wget http://path.to/file</nowiki>}}
* SVN update: {{kbd | key= <nowiki>svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account</nowiki>}} and key in your SVN password <ref>using the www account {{kbd | key= <nowiki>su - www -c "svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account --password=xxx" </nowiki>}}</ref>
* more on [[File transfer methods]]

=== delete files or directory ===
* {{kbd | key=rm -rf ''/Name_of_directory''}} ({{Linux}})<ref><nowiki>[OPTION]</nowiki>
* -r  remove directories and their contents recursively; 
* -f   ignore nonexistent files, never prompt 
(above content cited from linux documentation: rm --help)
</ref>
* {{kbd | key=del ''Name_of_directory''}} ({{Win}})
** After executed ''del Name_of_directory'' but the empty directory directory_name will be left. 
** Command delete is not available in Win XP
* rsync
** {{kbd | key=<nowiki>rsync -avP --delete  /path/to/source/ /path/to/target/</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}})
** {{kbd | key=<nowiki>rsync --delete-before -a -H -v --progress --stats /path/to/empty/folder/ /path/to/target_folder_will_be_deleted/</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5f5a3dff0101e2tm.html Linux下使用rsync最快速删除海量文件的方法_果冻的剥壳_新浪博客]</ref> ''un-verified''

=== rename (move) files or directory ===
* {{kbd | key=mv ''old_folder_name new_folder_name''}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.liamdelahunty.com/tips/linux_rename_directory.php Linux Rename Files, Folders or Directories]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=mv ''/path/to/file /path/to/new_folder_name''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=rename ''old_folder_name new_folder_name''}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/renamehl.htm MS-DOS ren and rename command help]</ref>

=== list directory or files /  list directory contents ===
* ls ({{Linux}}) ex: {{kbd | key= ls -lh}} List detailed information of files <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0210filepermission.php 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 的檔案權限與目錄配置]</ref> <ref>[OPTION]
* -l use a long listing format
* -h, --human-readable; with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) Quoted from linux {{kbd | key=man ls}}</ref> 
* dir ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key= dir/s/b}} is equal to {{Linux}} {{kbd | key= find /path/to/files/ -print}} <ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/159975/making-ls-output-like-dir-b-s linux - Making ls output like dir /b /s - Super User]</ref>

=== show the current directory ===
* {{kbd | key= pwd}}({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key= echo %cd%}}({{Win}}) <ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/921741/windows-equivilent-to-unix-pwd Windows equivilent to UNIX pwd - Stack Overflow]</ref>

=== file compression and decompression ===
compress
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>pv big.file | gzip > big.file.gz</nowiki> }}({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.catonmat.net/blog/unix-utilities-pipe-viewer/ A Unix Utility You Should Know About: Pipe Viewer - good coders code, great reuse]</ref> keep the original file
* {{kbd | key= gzip -v big.file}}({{Linux}}) NOT keep the original file

decompress
* {{kbd | key= gunzip -c big.file.gz > big.file}}({{Linux}}) keep the gz file<ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/45650/how-do-you-gunzip-a-file-and-keep-the-gz-file linux - How do you gunzip a file and keep the .gz file? - Super User]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= gzip -d big.file.gz}}({{Linux}}) NOT keep the gz file

== network ==
show ip
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ifconfig</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0140networkcommand.php#ifconfig 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 常用網路指令介紹]</ref><ref>bash: ifconfig: command not found [http://phorum.study-area.org/index.php?topic=47045.0 無法使用ifconfig指令？] 先加上 {{kbd | key = su -l}}指令</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ipconfig/all</nowiki>}} ({{Win}})

ping {{exclaim}} You may got no response if the server was disabled the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) response.
* {{kbd | key=ping ''domain_or_ip ''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=ping ''domain_or_ip '' -t}} ({{Win}})

whois: search the information of domain (related: [[Domain Name Register]])
* whois ''domain '' ({{Linux}} or {{Win}}: require to install [http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897435 whois for windows])

== apache operation ==
check apache servie is running or not
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>service --status-all | grep -i httpd</nowiki>}}  ({{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-running-services-in-rhel-redhat-fedora-centoslinux/ Red Hat / CentOS: Check / List Running Services]</ref><ref><nowiki>-i means ignore case</nowiki>[http://www.linfo.org/grep.html How to use the grep command, by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)]</ref>) 
* {{kbd | key = <nowiki>netstat -npl | grep httpd</nowiki>}} for {{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/find-out-which-service-listening-specific-port/ Linux / UNIX Find Out What Program / Service is Listening on a Specific TCP Port]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -an | find /i "listening"</nowiki>}}  ({{Win}}) find the local open ports & find local address TCP 0.0.0.0:80 is listening<ref>[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490947.aspx Netstat]</ref>
* more on [[Testing#connection_test | connection test]]...

[http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/red-hat-fedora-linux/29893-where-apache-installed.html Where is apache installed?]<ref>[http://www.aboutlinux.info/2006/04/enabling-and-disabling-services-during_01.html Enabling and disabling services during start up in GNU/Linux | All about Linux]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local</nowiki>}} if the apache service is already launched

check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running
* {{kbd | key=httpd -l}}  ({{Linux}} & {{Win}}) ex: {{Linux}} /usr/local/httpd/bin/httpd -l or {{Win}}  x:\apache\bin>httpd -l where x:\apache is the installation folder of apache <ref>[http://www.binarytides.com/check-which-mpm-multi-processing-module-apache-is-running/ Check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running | Binary Tides]</ref>

== mysql operation ==
=== export MySql sql file ===
* {{Gd}} export the compressed *.sql file (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysqldump<ref>[http://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/17367/how-can-i-monitor-the-progress-of-an-import-of-a-large-sql-file mysql - How can I monitor the progress of an import of a large .sql file? - Database Administrators Stack Exchange]</ref><ref>[https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/mysqldump.html MySQL :: MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual :: 4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program]</ref>: 
*# (optional if the {{kbd | key =pv}} was not installed) {{kbd | key =yum install pv}} for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/pv-command-examples/ Linux / Unix pv Command: Monitor Progress of Data Sent Via a Pipe]</ref>, {{kbd | key =apt-get install pv}} for Debian / Ubuntu<ref>[http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml ivarch.com: Pipe Viewer]</ref>
*# (for InnoDB tables){{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --force --single-transaction DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://journal.andrewloe.com/2009/05/12/pv-gzip-mysql/ pv + gzip + mysql — W. Andrew Loe III: Journal]</ref><ref>(if have permission to LOCK TABLES){{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz</nowiki>}} (if have no permission to LOCK TABLES){{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --lock-tables=false DATA_BASE_NAME | pv | gzip -c > database.sql.gz</nowiki>}} via [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/104612/run-mysqldump-without-locking-tables mysql - Run MySQLDump without Locking Tables - Stack Overflow]</ref> and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}

* export the *.sql file. It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysqldump <ref>[http://dubbs.github.io/blog/2013/09/05/mysql-import-slash-export-progress-bar/ MySQL Import/Export Progress Bar - Kevin Warrington]</ref>: 
*# (optional if the {{kbd | key =pv}} was not installed) {{kbd | key =yum install pv}} for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
*# (for InnoDB tables){{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p --force --single-transaction DATA_BASE_NAME | pv > database.sql</nowiki>}}  and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
* export the *.sql file
*# {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysqldump -h localhost -u username -p DATA-BASE-NAME > /path/to/database.sql </nowiki>}}

=== import MySql sql file ===
{{exclaim}} Notice: existing database will be overwritten
* {{Gd}} Import the compressed *.sql file with gzip (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysql command: 
*# (optional if the {{kbd | key =pv}} was not installed) {{kbd | key =yum install pv}} for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
*# {{kbd | key =  <nowiki> pv database.sql.gz | gunzip | mysql -u username -p -h localhost DATA_BASE_NAME</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://journal.andrewloe.com/2009/05/12/pv-gzip-mysql/ pv + gzip + mysql — W. Andrew Loe III: Journal]</ref> and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}

* Import *.sql file: 
*# (optional if the .sql file was compressed) {{kbd | key =unzip data.zip}} or {{kbd | key =gzip -d data.gz}} if the file was compressed by gzip
*# {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>mysql -u username -p -h localhost DATA_BASE_NAME < data.sql</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/import-mysql-dumpfile-sql-datafile-into-my-database/ Import MySQL Dumpfile, SQL Datafile Into My Database]</ref> and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}

* Import the *.sql file (especially for BIG sql file). It will show a progress bar and estimated time to complete the mysql command<ref>[http://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/17367/how-can-i-monitor-the-progress-of-an-import-of-a-large-sql-file mysql - How can I monitor the progress of an import of a large .sql file? - Database Administrators Stack Exchange]</ref>: 
*# (optional if the {{kbd | key =pv}} was not installed) {{kbd | key =yum install pv}} for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux
*# {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>pv data.sql | mysql -u username -p -h localhost DATA_BASE_NAME</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/import-mysql-dumpfile-sql-datafile-into-my-database/ Import MySQL Dumpfile, SQL Datafile Into My Database]</ref> and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}

* Import ZIP file to MySql directly:
*# (optional if the 7Zip was not installed) {{kbd | key =yum install p7zip}}
*# {{kbd | key = <nowiki>7za x -so data.zip | mysql -u username -p -h localhost DATA_BASE_NAME</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11267309/importing-zipped-files-in-mysql-using-command-line database - Importing zipped files in Mysql using command line - Stack Overflow]</ref><ref>[http://needs-be.blogspot.tw/2011/01/install-7zip-on-centos-55.html Install 7Zip on CentOS 5.5]</ref> and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}
*# enter {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>password</nowiki> }} and press {{kbd | key =  <nowiki>Enter</nowiki> }}

== system operation ==
show current time
* {{kbd | key= date}} ({{Linux}}) output: Thu Oct 25 15:05:10 CST 2012 <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0440ntp.php 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- NTP 時間伺服器]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= date/t}} ({{Win}})
<pre>output:
OS in English: Thu 05/03/2012
OS in Chinese: 2012/05/03 星期四
</pre>
* related: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_(command) TIME (command)], [[PHP_and_MySQL_syntax#timestamp | timestamp in PHP and MySQL syntax]]

specify the location where Linux or MS-DOS looks when using a command
* {{kbd | key= echo $PATH}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0220filemanager.php#dir_path 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 檔案與目錄管理 -- 關於執行檔路徑的變數： $PATH]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= echo %PATH%}} ({{Win}}) more on [[How to setup my system path]]

reboot the system/server
* {{kbd | key=reboot}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_reboot.htm reboot - Linux Command - Unix Command]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=shutdown -r}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://blog.soft.idv.tw/?p=216 Windows原來也有內建好用的關機軟體(Shutdown.exe) | ㊣軟體玩家]</ref>

{{OS}} version
* {{kbd | key=lsb_release -a}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://blog.miniasp.com/post/2009/02/25/How-to-query-Linux-distribution-and-version-information.aspx The Will Will Web | 如何查詢 Linux 的種類與版本 ( Linux Standard Base )]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=ver}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://www.windows-commandline.com/2009/01/find-windows-os-version-from-command.html Find windows OS version from command line]</ref>

Search text of command output
* {{kbd | key=''linux command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''string''}} ({{Linux}}) ex: keyin {{kbd | key=<nowiki>yum list installed | grep tar</nowiki>}} to search the installed package naming tar.<ref>[http://alvinalexander.com/unix/edu/examples/grep.shtml Unix/Linux grep command examples | grep command in Unix and Linux | grep examples | alvinalexander.com]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=''Windows command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> find ''"string"''}} ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -a | find "3306"</nowiki>}}  (note:  enclose string in double quotation marks)<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/find.mspx?mfr=true Microsoft Windows XP - Find]</ref>


Scan the disk
* GUI: [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/156571/en-us How to Perform Scandisk in Windows] {{Win}}
* Command: {{kbd | key=shutdown -rF now}} Force fsck when rebooting a Linux server ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.limestonenetworks.com/support/kc/7/67/how_do_i_schedule_fsck_to_run_automatically.html Cloud Provider and Dedicated Server Hosting in Dallas, TX]</ref>

== help for command ==
view the documentation for this command
* {{kbd | key= ''command'' --help}} or {{kbd | key= man ''command''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key= ''command'' /?}} ({{Win}})

emergency exit
* {{kbd | key= ctrl}}+{{kbd | key= c}} or {{kbd | key= ctrl}}+{{kbd | key= break}} ({{Linux}} & {{Win}})
* {{kbd | key= Pause/Break}} ({{Linux}}) ex: I pressed the key to leave from the warning message "Vim: Warning: Output is not to a terminal".

== references ==
<references/>

== further reading ==
* [http://www.joshbartondesigns.com/computer-management/19-windows/42-windows-linux-equivalent-commands ÆtherDev - Windows | Linux Equivalent Commands]{{access | date = 2012-09-07}}

[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:Windows]]