Editing Linux commands

(1) alternative Linux commands to complete the same task, 
(2) The equivalent or similar commands between Windows and Linux system.

: [[Image:Owl icon.jpg]] Help for command: 
: {{Linux}} or {{Mac}}: Type {{kbd | key= ''command_name'' --help}} or {{kbd | key= man ''command_name''}}  ; 
: {{Win}}: Type {{kbd | key= ''command_name'' <nowiki>/?</nowiki>}} "Open Source tools [http://www.cygwin.com/ Cygwin] which provide functionality similar to a Linux distribution on Windows"

== Text file manipulation ==

=== Display the content of text file ===

==== Display the first lines of text file ====
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(Unix) head] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' ({{OS}}: {{Linux}})
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press {{kbd | key=gg}}) ({{Linux}})
* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press {{kbd | key=gg}}) ({{Linux}}); Open file and press {{kbd | key=gg}} for [http://www.vim.org/ gVim] ({{Win}})

==== Display the last few lines of text file ====
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(Unix) tail] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' ({{Linux}})
* [http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/47407/cat-line-x-to-line-y-on-a-huge-file tail - cat line X to line Y on a huge file - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press G) ({{Linux}})
* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (and press G) ({{Linux}}); Open file and press G for [http://www.vim.org/ gVim] ({{Win}})
* [http://tailforwin32.sourceforge.net/ Tail for Win32] GUI interface ({{Win}}) {{exclaim}} not support Unicode file for v.4.2.6

==== Display the entire content of text file ====
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi vi] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename''  ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat <filename></nowiki>}}  ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>type <filename></nowiki>}}  ({{Win}})

==== Display the partial content of large text file page by page ====
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat <filename> | less</nowiki>}}  ({{Linux}} or Cygwin on {{Win}}) {{exclaim}} Chinese issue<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6943928/show-special-characters-in-unix-while-using-less-command linux - Show special characters in Unix while using 'less' Command - Stack Overflow] ''un-verified''</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>type <filename> | more</nowiki>}}  ({{Win}}) If the file was encoded in UTF-8, you need to key in {{kbd | key=chcp 65001}} first <ref>[http://fatting10.blogspot.tw/2015/08/solved-window.html (Solved) Window命令視窗中文亂碼 改編碼方法]</ref>.

==== Display only certain lines by number ====
[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/288521/with-the-linux-cat-command-how-do-i-show-only-certain-lines-by-number text processing - With the Linux "cat" command, how do I show only certain lines by number - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]

=== Newline count (count the number of lines of a file), word count ===
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wc -l <filename></nowiki>}} for {{Linux}} <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wc_(Unix) wc (Unix) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]</ref> ex: {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wc -l *.txt</nowiki>}} to print the newline count of txt files of the current folder 
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>find . -type f -exec cat {} + | wc -l</nowiki>}} for {{Linux}} & {{Mac}} to print the newline count of all files on all subdirectories<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13727917/use-wc-on-all-subdirectories-to-count-the-sum-of-lines linux - Use wc on all subdirectories to count the sum of lines - Stack Overflow]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wc -l "$(cygpath -u '<path to file>')"</nowiki>}} for cygwin on {{Win}} ex: {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wc -l "$(cygpath -u 'c:\Program Files\file.txt')"</nowiki>}}<ref>[[Cygwin convert windows path to linux path]]</ref>

=== Save the console message as text file ===
Save the Unix manpage as plain text file
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>man man | col -b > man.txt</nowiki>}} Thanks! [http://www.electrictoolbox.com/article/linux-unix-bsd/save-manpage-plain-text/ Save a Unix manpage as plain text]

=== Search text in a file ===
* grep command for multiple files: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>grep -ir "string to search" /path/to/directory</nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key= grep ''keyword'' /path/to/file}}  ({{Linux}})
* vim: (1)[http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/vimcheat.html vim] <nowiki>[options]</nowiki> ''filename'' (2)press {{kbd | key= /keyword}}  ({{Linux}})
* cat & grep: {{kbd | key= cat /path/to/file <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''keyword''}}  ({{Linux}}) keyword is case sensitive

Search text in a compressed text file
* zcat & grep: {{kbd | key= cat /path/to/compressed_text.gz <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''keyword''}}  ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-cat-gz-file-command/ Unix / Linux: cat .GZ Compressed Text File On Screen]</ref>

[[Desktop_search#Search_text_in_files| Search text in files]]<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0320bash.php#col 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 學習 bash shell] </ref>

=== Merge multiple plain text files ===
Step 1: check the last line of text file is [[Return symbol | newline]]<ref>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34943632/linux-check-if-there-is-a-newline-at-the-end-of-a-file eof - Linux - check if there is a newline at the end of a file - Stack Overflow]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>tail -c 1 file.txt</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}}. Parameter "-c <span style="text-decoration: underline;">number</span>: The location is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">number</span> bytes." quoted from the [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/tail.1.html commands manual]. If the last line is newline, returned result will be empty. {{exclaim}} How to check multiple files?
* (optional) If the last line is not newline, you may add the new line manually. See details on [https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31947/how-to-add-a-newline-to-the-end-of-a-file bash - How to add a newline to the end of a file? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]

Step 2: Merge the content
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>copy *.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key=<nowiki>copy file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} on {{Win}}
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat *.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat file1.txt file2.txt > bundle.txt </nowiki>}} on {{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.maclife.com/article/columns/terminal_101_join_multiple_files_together_cat Terminal 101: Join Multiple Files Together with Cat]</ref><ref>[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3770/how-to-merge-all-text-files-in-a-directory-into-one How to merge all (text) files in a directory into one? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]</ref>

Step 3: (optional) Remove the duplicated lines
* {{kbd | key=sort -us -o bundle_unique.txt bundle.txt}}<ref>[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/19641/how-to-remove-duplicate-lines-in-a-large-multi-gb-textfile linux - How to remove duplicate lines in a large multi-GB textfile? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]</ref> OS: {{Linux}}, cygwin of {{Win}} "-u means Unique keys; -s means stable sort; -o means output" quoted from [https://www.computerhope.com/unix/usort.htm sort] manual.

== file operation ==
=== Find a file by filename ===
* {{Gd}} {{kbd | key=locate}} command ({{Linux}}) ex: {{kbd | key= locate ''filename''}} to locate the filename quickly. <ref>[https://blog.longwin.com.tw/2008/01/linux_quick_find_file_locate_2008/ Linux 快速尋找檔案 - locate - Tsung's Blog]</ref>

* {{kbd | key=find}} command ({{Linux}}) ex: {{kbd | key= sudo find / -iname ''filename''}} Find the '''case-insensitive''' file name Under the path / (root folder) <ref> [http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/32155/find-command-how-to-ignore-case Find command: how to ignore case? - Unix and Linux]; Find the '''case-sensitive''' file name Under the path / (root folder) ex: {{kbd | key= find / -name ''filename''}}  ref:[http://www.codecoffee.com/tipsforlinux/articles/21.html Tips For Linux - How to find files in Linux using 'find']</ref>

* {{kbd | key=dir}} command ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key= dir /s ''filename''}} <ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000309.htm How to find a file in MS-DOS.]</ref><ref>/S          顯示指定目錄及所有子目錄中的檔案。  (引用自 dir /? 命令說明)</ref> {{exclaim}} I have no idea to specify the file path to find the file.

=== Copy & overwrite file ===
overwrite file without prompt (confirmation): [http://www.computerhope.com/unix/ucp.htm cp] command
* {{kbd | key=cp -f ''to_be_copy.file'' ''to_be_overwrote.file''}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.ewdna.com/2012/05/linux-cp-force-overwrite.html Linux：檔案複製強制覆寫, cp force overwrite @ 符碼記憶]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=/bin/cp -f ''to_be_copy.file'' ''to_be_overwrote.file''}} ({{Linux}})

==== Copy old directory to new directory ====
* {{kbd | key=cp -a ''old_dir new_dir/''}} ({{Linux}})<ref>
<pre>from manual:
-a, --archive
              same as -dR --preserve=all
-d     same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST]
              preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if  possible  addi-
              tional attributes: context, links, xattr, all
-R, -r, --recursive
              copy directories recursively</pre></ref><ref>[https://superuser.com/questions/61611/how-to-copy-with-cp-to-include-hidden-files-and-hidden-directories-and-their-con unix - How to copy with cp to include hidden files and hidden directories and their contents? - Super User]</ref>
** If the folder {{kbd | key=new_dir}} exists already, system will create the folder {{kbd | key=old_dir}} and all files and sub folders under {{kbd | key=old_dir}} will copy to the path {{kbd | key=new_dir}}/{{kbd | key=old_dir}}.
** If the folder {{kbd | key=new_dir}} NOT exists, all files and sub folders under {{kbd | key=old_dir}} will copy to the folder {{kbd | key=new_dir}}.
* {{kbd | key=cp -a ''old_dir/* new_dir/''}} ({{Linux}}): All files and sub folders under {{kbd | key=old_dir}} will copy to the folder {{kbd | key=new_dir}}.
*  {{kbd | key=copy /Y ''old_dir new_dir/''}} ({{Win}})<ref> /Y 不顯示覆寫現存目的檔案的確認提示。 (引用自 copy /? 命令說明)</ref>
* make new directory & copy all old files to new directory
** mkdir ''new_dir''
** cp ''old_dir/* new_dir''
* [https://askubuntu.com/questions/91740/how-to-move-all-files-in-current-folder-to-subfolder How to move all files in current folder to subfolder? - Ask Ubuntu]

==== Rename (move) files or directory ====
* {{kbd | key=mv ''old_folder_name new_folder_name''}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.liamdelahunty.com/tips/linux_rename_directory.php Linux Rename Files, Folders or Directories]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=mv ''/path/to/file /path/to/new_folder_name''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=rename ''old_folder_name new_folder_name''}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/renamehl.htm MS-DOS ren and rename command help]</ref>

=== Delete files or directory ===
delete all files or directory
* {{kbd | key=rm -rf ''/Name_of_directory''}} to delete all files under the '''Name_of_directory'' ({{Linux}})<ref><nowiki>[OPTION]</nowiki>
* -r  remove directories and their contents recursively; 
* -f   ignore nonexistent files, never prompt 
(above content cited from linux documentation: rm --help)
</ref>
* {{kbd | key=del ''Name_of_directory''}} ({{Win}})
** After executed ''del Name_of_directory'' but the empty directory directory_name will be left. 
** Command delete is not available in Win XP
* rsync
** {{Gd}} quick for many small files (1) create a empty folder ex: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>mkdit /path/to/source</nowiki>}} (2) To empty the target folder, keyin {{kbd | key=<nowiki>rsync -avP --delete  /path/to/source/ /path/to/target/</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}}) 
** {{kbd | key=<nowiki>rsync --delete-before -a -H -v --progress --stats /path/to/empty/folder/ /path/to/target_folder_will_be_deleted/</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5f5a3dff0101e2tm.html Linux下使用rsync最快速删除海量文件的方法_果冻的剥壳_新浪博客]</ref> ''un-verified''
* S/FTP to the server and delete selected files

Delete the files which their file name were matched with the ''naming rule'' when the number of files is too many.
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>find . -name 'naming_rule' -delete</nowiki>}}  or {{kbd | key= <nowiki>find . -name 'naming_rule' -type f -delete</nowiki>}} <ref>[http://danilo.ariadoss.com/how-to-recursively-remove-ds_store-files-on-mac-os-x/ How to recursively remove .DS_Store files on Mac OS X | Tangential Musings]</ref><ref>[http://xyz.cinc.biz/2015/12/linux-rm-argument-list-too-long.html XYZ的筆記本: Linux 使用 rm 刪除檔案,出現 /bin/rm: Argument list too long]</ref><ref>[http://www.hypexr.org/linux_find_help.php Linux find command]</ref>

=== Download file from remote server ===
* FTP
* wget (with progress bar): {{kbd | key= <nowiki>wget http://path.to/file</nowiki>}}
* SVN update: {{kbd | key= <nowiki>svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account</nowiki>}} and key in your SVN password <ref>using the www account {{kbd | key= <nowiki>su - www -c "svn up http://remote.svn.server/path/ /local/path/ --username=your_account --password=xxx" </nowiki>}}</ref>
* more on [[File transfer methods]]


=== File compression and decompression ===
compress
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>pv big.file | gzip > big.file.gz</nowiki> }}({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.catonmat.net/blog/unix-utilities-pipe-viewer/ A Unix Utility You Should Know About: Pipe Viewer - good coders code, great reuse]</ref> keep the original file
* {{kbd | key= gzip -v big.file}}({{Linux}}) NOT keep the original file. File name after compressed: big.file.gz
* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-compress-a-whole-linux-or-unix-directory/ How do I Compress a Whole Linux or UNIX Directory?] for {{Linux}}

decompress
* {{kbd | key= gunzip -c big.file.gz > big.file}}({{Linux}}) keep the gz file<ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/45650/how-do-you-gunzip-a-file-and-keep-the-gz-file linux - How do you gunzip a file and keep the .gz file? - Super User]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= gzip -d big.file.gz}}({{Linux}}) NOT keep the gz file

ref
* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/tar-extract-linux/ Linux: tar Extract Files]

=== List directory or files /  list directory contents ===
* ls ({{Linux}}) [http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/ls1.html    ls - list directory contents]
** List detailed information of files. e.g. {{kbd | key= ls -lh}}<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0210filepermission.php 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 的檔案權限與目錄配置]</ref> <ref>[OPTION]
* -l use a long listing format
* -h, --human-readable; with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) Quoted from linux {{kbd | key=man ls}}</ref> 
** List detailed information of files and sort by modification time. {{kbd | key= ls -lht}}
** List top N files and sort by modification time. {{kbd | key= <nowiki>ls -lht | head -N</nowiki>}} e.g. {{kbd | key= <nowiki>ls -lht | head -10</nowiki>}} First line is the total file size of specified folder.<ref>[http://www.unix.com/unix-for-dummies-questions-and-answers/44493-how-list-top-10-files.html How to list top 10 files | Unix Linux Forums | UNIX for Dummies Questions & Answers]</ref>
* ll  ({{Linux}}) {{kbd | key= ll}} = {{kbd | key= ls -l}}
* Print the entire path of files and '''level-unlimited''' sub-directories in the current directory. On {{Win}} using {{kbd | key= dir/s/b}}, and on {{Linux}} using {{kbd | key= find /path/to/files/ -print}} <ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/159975/making-ls-output-like-dir-b-s linux - Making ls output like dir /b /s - Super User]</ref>.
* {{Gd}}  create ls command in {{Win}} command prompt: {{kbd | key = echo dir %1 > %systemroot%\system32\ls.bat}} Thanks, hmjd!<ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9362692/how-to-create-ls-in-windows-command-prompt How to create ls in windows command prompt? - Stack Overflow]</ref>
* List all files and directories including hidden ones in the current directory. On {{Win}} is {{kbd | key=<nowiki>dir /a</nowiki>}}, and on {{Mac}} or {{Linux}} is {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ls -a</nowiki>}}<ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001039.htm How to see hidden files in MS-DOS and the Command Prompt]</ref><ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-display-only-hidden-dot-files/ Bash Shell: Display All Hidden Dot Files In a Directory]</ref>.

Verify if a file or a directory exists
* On {{Linux}}: {{kbd | key= ls /path/to/file}} or {{kbd | key= ls -d /path/to/directory/}} e.g. {{kbd | key= ls -d ~/}} to list your home directory<ref>[https://linuxconfig.org/single-linux-command-to-return-to-home-directory Single linux command to return to home directory]</ref>.
* On {{Win}}: 
** {{kbd | key= dir C:\path\to\file}} or {{kbd | key= dir C:\path\to\directory\}}
** {{kbd | key= IF EXIST}} <ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3022176/how-to-verify-if-a-file-exists-in-a-windows-bat-file How to verify if a file exists in a Windows .BAT file? - Stack Overflow]</ref><ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2903416/windows-shell-string-operations-changing-backslash-to-slash Windows shell string operations (changing backslash to slash) - Stack Overflow]</ref>

<pre>
SET a=C:\path\to\file
REM -- If the directory was separated the \ symbol & the path NOT contains space
IF EXIST %a% (ECHO YES) ELSE (ECHO No)

SET a="C:\path\to\directory contains space\space"
REM -- If the directory was separated the \ symbol & the path contains space
IF EXIST %a% (ECHO YES) ELSE (ECHO No)

SET a=C:/path/to/file
REM -- If the directory was separated the / symbol, the next command replace / with \ symbol.
SET a=%a:/=\%
IF EXIST %a% (ECHO YES) ELSE (ECHO No)
</pre>

troubleshooting
<pre>
SET a = C:\path\to\file
REM -- Correct command: SET a=C:\path\to\file
IF EXIST %a% (ECHO YES) ELSE (ECHO No)
REM -- the returned result will not correct!
</pre>

=== Print the current directory / where am i ===
* {{Linux}}: {{kbd | key= pwd}}  '''p'''rint name of '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory.  More on [http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/pwd1.html pwd].
* {{Win}}: {{kbd | key= echo %cd%}} '''c'''urrent '''d'''irectory <ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/921741/windows-equivilent-to-unix-pwd Windows equivalent to UNIX pwd - Stack Overflow]</ref>

=== Change directory to my home directory ===
* {{kbd | key= cd ~/}} or {{kbd | key= cd $HOME}}  ({{Linux}}) will switch to my home directory ex: /Users/ACCOUNT<ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/271925/where-is-the-home-environment-variable-set linux - Where is the $HOME environment variable set? - Super User]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= cd %UserProfile%}} ({{Win}}) will switch to my home directory ex: C:\Users\ACCOUNT more on [[MS_Windows_Explorer]]<ref>[http://weka.wikispaces.com/Where+is+my+home+directory+located%3F weka - Where is my home directory located?]</ref>

== network ==
show ip
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ifconfig</nowiki>}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0140networkcommand.php#ifconfig 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- Linux 常用網路指令介紹]</ref><ref>bash: ifconfig: command not found [http://phorum.study-area.org/index.php?topic=47045.0 無法使用ifconfig指令？] 先加上 {{kbd | key = su -l}}指令</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ipconfig/all</nowiki>}} ({{Win}})

ping {{exclaim}} You may got no response if the server was disabled the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) response.
* {{kbd | key=ping ''domain_or_ip ''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key=ping ''domain_or_ip '' -t}} ({{Win}})

whois: search the information of domain (related: [[Domain Name Register]])
* whois ''domain '' ({{Linux}} or {{Win}}: require to install [http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897435 whois for windows])

TRACERT (trace route)
* {{kbd | key=traceroute ''domain_or_ip ''}} ({{Linux}}) & {{Mac}}
* {{kbd | key=tracert ''domain_or_ip '' -t}} ({{Win}})

== apache operation ==
check apache servie is running or not
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>service --status-all | grep -i httpd</nowiki>}}  ({{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-running-services-in-rhel-redhat-fedora-centoslinux/ Red Hat / CentOS: Check / List Running Services]</ref><ref><nowiki>-i means ignore case</nowiki>[http://www.linfo.org/grep.html How to use the grep command, by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)]</ref>) 
* {{kbd | key = <nowiki>netstat -npl | grep httpd</nowiki>}} for {{Linux}}<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/find-out-which-service-listening-specific-port/ Linux / UNIX Find Out What Program / Service is Listening on a Specific TCP Port]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -an | find /i "listening"</nowiki>}}  ({{Win}}) find the local open ports & find local address TCP 0.0.0.0:80 is listening<ref>[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490947.aspx Netstat]</ref>
* more on [[Testing#connection_test | connection test]]...

[http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/red-hat-fedora-linux/29893-where-apache-installed.html Where is apache installed?]<ref>[http://www.aboutlinux.info/2006/04/enabling-and-disabling-services-during_01.html Enabling and disabling services during start up in GNU/Linux | All about Linux]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local</nowiki>}} if the apache service is already launched

check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running
* {{kbd | key=httpd -l}}  ({{Linux}} & {{Win}}) ex: {{Linux}} /usr/local/httpd/bin/httpd -l or {{Win}}  x:\apache\bin>httpd -l where x:\apache is the installation folder of apache <ref>[http://www.binarytides.com/check-which-mpm-multi-processing-module-apache-is-running/ Check which mpm (multi processing module) apache is running | Binary Tides]</ref>

== mysql operation ==
[[MySQL commands]]: 1. Exporting data into MySql sql file & 2. Importing data from MySql sql file

== install package ==
* {{Linux}}: ex: install the [http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml Pipe Viewer] (pv) package
*# [http://www.tecmint.com/enable-rpmforge-repository/ How to Enable RPMForge Repository in RHEL/CentOS 7.x/6.x/5.x/4.x]
*# (1){{kbd | key =yum install pv}} for RHEL / CentOS / SL / Fedora Linux<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/pv-command-examples/ Linux / Unix pv Command: Monitor Progress of Data Sent Via a Pipe]</ref>;  (2) {{kbd | key =apt-get install pv}} for Debian / Ubuntu<ref>[http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml ivarch.com: Pipe Viewer]</ref>; 
* {{Mac}}
*# install [http://brew.sh/ Homebrew]  "package manager for OS X"
*# {{kbd | key =brew search PACKAGE_NAME}} ex: {{kbd | key =brew search wget}}
*# if the package is available. {{kbd | key =brew install PACKAGE_NAME}} ex: {{kbd | key =brew install wget}}


== system operation ==

=== show current time ===
* {{kbd | key= date}} ({{Linux}}) output the system date: Thu Oct 25 15:05:10 CST 2012 <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0440ntp.php 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- NTP 時間伺服器]</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATE_(command) DATE (command) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= TZ=Asia/Taipei date}} ({{Linux}}) output the time from the Taipei/CST timezone <ref>[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/48101/how-can-i-have-date-output-the-time-from-a-different-timezone How can I have `date` output the time from a different timezone? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= date/t}} ({{Win}}) (parameter: /t will not ask you to change the current date)
<pre>output:
OS in English: Thu 05/03/2012
OS in Chinese (XP): 2012/05/03 星期四
OS in Chinese (Windows 8, 10): 2014/07/01 週二
</pre>
* {{kbd | key= <nowiki>prompt $d $t $_$P$G</nowiki>}} ({{Win}}<ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/673523/how-to-measure-execution-time-of-command-in-windows-command-line batch file - How to measure execution time of command in windows command line? - Stack Overflow]</ref>)
<pre>output:
OS in Chinese (Windows 10): 2017/02/03 週五 15:35:31.61
</pre>
* related pages: [[Time server]], [[PHP_and_MySQL_syntax#timestamp | timestamp in PHP and MySQL syntax]]

=== specify the location where Linux or MS-DOS looks when using a command ===
* {{kbd | key= echo $PATH}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0220filemanager.php#dir_path 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 檔案與目錄管理 -- 關於執行檔路徑的變數： $PATH]</ref>
* {{kbd | key= echo %PATH%}} ({{Win}}) more on [[How to setup my system path]]

=== reboot the system/server ===
* {{kbd | key=reboot}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_reboot.htm reboot - Linux Command - Unix Command]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=shutdown -r}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://blog.soft.idv.tw/?p=216 Windows原來也有內建好用的關機軟體(Shutdown.exe) | ㊣軟體玩家]</ref>

Shutdown system at a specific date time.
* {{Linux}}: (1) Enter {{kbd | key=date}} to verify the server timezone. (2) Enter {{kbd | key=sudo shutdown -h 20:02}} <ref>[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/120506/how-to-shutdown-linux-at-a-specific-datetime-from-terminal How to shutdown Linux at a specific datetime from terminal? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange]</ref>
* {{Win}}: [http://www.thewindowsclub.com/schedule-shutdown-restarts-windows-7-task-schedular Schedule Shutdown or Restarts in Windows using the Task Scheduler]

=== {{OS}} version ===
* {{kbd | key=lsb_release -a}} ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://blog.miniasp.com/post/2009/02/25/How-to-query-Linux-distribution-and-version-information.aspx The Will Will Web | 如何查詢 Linux 的種類與版本 ( Linux Standard Base )]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=ver}} ({{Win}})<ref>[http://www.windows-commandline.com/2009/01/find-windows-os-version-from-command.html Find windows OS version from command line]</ref>


=== Show the process list & kill the process ===
Show the process list & kill the high-resource-consumption process<ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-find-out-linux-cpu-utilization.html How do I Find Out Linux CPU Utilization? - nixCraft]</ref><ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/ Show All Running Processes in Linux]</ref>
# display the process list
#* {{kbd | key=top }} "display Linux tasks" for {{Linux}} or 
#* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>top -a</nowiki>}} or {{kbd | key=<nowiki>ps aux --sort -rss | more</nowiki>}}<ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0440processcontrol.php#ps_aux 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 第十六章、程序管理與 SELinux 初探]</ref> "Sort by memory usage" for {{Linux}}
# keyin {{kbd | key=q}} to leave the process list
# find which process to be killed. And then keyin: 
#* {{kbd | key=kill <PID>}} or {{kbd | key=kill -<PID> PID}}. To kill the process with PID number: 101, enter {{kbd | key=kill 101}}. <ref>[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/kill-process-in-linux-or-terminate-a-process-in-unix-or-linux-systems/ Kill Process in Linux or Terminate a Process in UNIX / Linux Systems], [https://linux.die.net/man/1/kill kill(1): terminate process - Linux man page]</ref>
#* {{kbd | key=kill -9 <PID>}}. Force to kill the process with PID number: 101, enter {{kbd | key=kill -9 101}}. <ref>[http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0440processcontrol.php#killjobs 鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 第十六章、程序管理與 SELinux 初探]</ref>

=== Search matched text of command output ===
* {{kbd | key=''linux command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> awk '/''string''/'}} ({{Linux}}) ex: 
** keyin {{kbd | key=<nowiki>dpkg --get-selections | awk '/tar/'</nowiki>}} to search the installed package naming ''tar'' for Ubuntu.<ref>[http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/logical-operators-in-grep-775595/ logical operators in grep]</ref>
** keyin {{kbd | key=<nowiki>dpkg --get-selections | awk '/zip|unzip/'</nowiki>}} to search the installed package naming ''zip'' or ''unzip'' for Ubuntu.
* {{kbd | key=''linux command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep ''string''}} ({{Linux}}) ex: keyin {{kbd | key=<nowiki>yum list installed | grep tar</nowiki>}} to search the installed package naming tar for CentOS.<ref>[http://alvinalexander.com/unix/edu/examples/grep.shtml Unix/Linux grep command examples | grep command in Unix and Linux | grep examples | alvinalexander.com]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=''Windows command'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> find ''"string"''}} ({{Win}}) ex: {{kbd | key=<nowiki>netstat -a | find "3306"</nowiki>}}  (note:  enclose string in double quotation marks)<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/find.mspx?mfr=true Microsoft Windows XP - Find]</ref>


=== System CPU, memory and disk space usage  ===
CPU usage / system load average
* {{Win}}: 
** namespace: ROOT\CIMV2
** WQL query: {{kbd | key= SELECT LoadPercentage FROM Win32_Processor}}; No need to divid by CPU cores number for Win8
** output example: 24 ([https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-tw/library/system.uint16(v=vs.110).aspx UInt16, 16 bit Unsigned Integer]) unit: %
** CPU usage = LoadPercentage; unit: %
* freebsd, {{Linux}} & {{Mac}}: 
** PHP function [http://php.net/manual/en/function.sys-getloadavg.php sys_getloadavg()] unit: %; '''Need''' to divid by CPU cores number

Memory usage
* {{Win}}:
** namespace: ROOT\CIMV2
** WQL query: {{kbd | key= SELECT FreePhysicalMemory, TotalVisibleMemorySize FROM Win32_OperatingSystem}}<ref>[http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=882932 Collect Memory Data from WMI (Win32)]</ref>
** output example: 21683460 ([https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-tw/library/system.uint64(v=vs.110).aspx UInt64, 64 bit Unsigned Integer]) unit: KB
** memory usage = (FreePhysicalMemory * 100) / TotalVisibleMemorySize; unit: %

* freebsd & {{Linux}}:
** command: {{kbd | key = free}}
** output example: 
<pre>
                               total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
                    Mem:       8060416    7922496     137920        120     183608     526180
                    -/+ buffers/cache:    7212708     847708
                    Swap:      4194300    1219364    2974936
</pre>
** memory usage = 7922496 / 8060416; unit: %

* {{Mac}} (known as [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/Darwin_(%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F) Darwin]):
** command: {{kbd | key = top -l 1 | grep PhysMem:}}
** output example: PhysMem: 8017M used (1486M wired), 172M unused.
** memory usage: 172 / (8017+172); unit: %


hard disk usage
* [http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_df.htm df command] "disk space usage" for {{Linux}} {{kbd | key = <nowiki>df -h</nowiki>}}
* [http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_du.htm du command] "estimate file space usage" of specific folder for {{Linux}} 
** {{kbd | key = <nowiki>du -h /path/to/folder/</nowiki>}} Detailed output of hard disk usage of specific folder and child folders.
** {{kbd | key = <nowiki>du -hcs /path/to/folder/</nowiki>}} Brief output of total hard disk usage.
** {{kbd | key = <nowiki>du --max-depth=1 -B M /path/to/folder/ | sort -g</nowiki>}}<ref>[http://blog.xuite.net/chingwei/blog/32566618-%E3%80%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E3%80%91%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8+du+%E4%BE%86%E7%9C%8B%E7%A3%81%E7%A2%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93 【系統】使用 du 來看磁碟的使用空間 @ My Life :: 隨意窩 Xuite日誌]</ref>Output example:
<pre>
0M      /sys
1M      /tmp
9M      /run
27M     /etc
36M     /root
165M    /boot
1647M   /usr
49287M  /var
51379M  /home
102547M /
</pre>

=== Scan the disk ===
* GUI: [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/156571/en-us How to Perform Scandisk in Windows] {{Win}}
* Command: {{kbd | key=shutdown -rF now}} Force fsck when rebooting a Linux server ({{Linux}})<ref>[http://www.limestonenetworks.com/support/kc/7/67/how_do_i_schedule_fsck_to_run_automatically.html Cloud Provider and Dedicated Server Hosting in Dallas, TX]</ref>

=== Switch the user account ===
switch the current user
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>su</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} switch the current user to super user <ref>[https://www.computerhope.com/unix/usu.htm Linux su command help and examples]</ref>
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>su - <user name></nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} switch the current user to another user

prints the current user
* {{kbd | key=<nowiki>whoami</nowiki>}} on {{Linux}} & {{Win}} "prints the effective user ID"<ref>[https://www.computerhope.com/unix/whoami.htm Linux whoami command help and examples]</ref><ref>[https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-tw/library/cc771299(v=ws.11).aspx Whoami]</ref>

=== Clean the screen/console ===
* {{Win}}: {{kbd | key= cls}} <ref>[https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490879.aspx Cls]</ref>
* {{Linux}} & {{Mac}}: {{kbd | key= clear}} <ref>[https://www.linux.org/threads/clear-clear-your-terminal-screen.78/ Clear! (clear your terminal screen) | Linux.org]</ref>

== help for command ==
=== view the documentation for this command ===
* {{kbd | key= ''command'' --help}} or {{kbd | key= man ''command''}} ({{Linux}})
* {{kbd | key= ''command'' /?}} ({{Win}})

=== find the path of an executable ===
* {{kbd | key= which ''command''}} for {{Linux}} & {{Mac}} ex: {{kbd | key= which wc}} will return the path '/usr/bin/wc'
* {{kbd | key= where ''command''}} for {{Win}} version 2003 or 8. ex: {{kbd | key= where nslookup}} will return the path 'C:\Windows\System32\nslookup.EXE'<ref>[http://superuser.com/questions/207707/what-is-windows-equivalent-of-the-which-command-in-unix-is-there-an-equivale What is Windows' equivalent of the "which" command in Unix? Is there an equivalent PowerShell command? - Super User]</ref> {{exclaim}} not all DOS command will return the information ex: where cd, where dir. Related page: [[How to setup my system path]]

=== emergency exit ===
* {{kbd | key= ctrl}}+{{kbd | key= c}} or {{kbd | key= ctrl}}+{{kbd | key= break}} ({{Linux}}, {{Win}} & {{Mac}})
* {{kbd | key= Pause/Break}} ({{Linux}}) ex: I pressed the key to leave from the warning message "Vim: Warning: Output is not to a terminal".

== 相關新聞聯播 ==
{{News feed | title =Linux OR unix 相關新聞聯播 | feed = <rss>https://news.google.com/news/rss/search/section/q/linux%20OR%20unix?hl=zh-TW&gl=TW&ned=tw</rss> }}

== references ==
<references/>

== further reading ==
* [http://www.joshbartondesigns.com/computer-management/19-windows/42-windows-linux-equivalent-commands ÆtherDev - Windows | Linux Equivalent Commands]{{access | date = 2012-09-07}}
* [http://skimfeed.com/blog/windows-command-prompt-ls-equivalent-dir/ Windows Command Prompt LS Equivalent Dir] {{access | date = 2014-05-27}}
* [https://market.cloud.edu.tw/content/primary/info_edu/cy_sa/LinuxY/cmd/dos2unixcmd.htm Unix 與 MS-DOS 指令對照表]

related pages:
* [[Windows keyboard equivalents on Mac]]
* [[Open command window here]]

[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:Windows]]
[[Category:Database]]
[[Category:MySQL]]